The Latest Research on Executive Functioning in Adolescents

Adolescence is often described as a rollercoaster of emotions, growth spurts, and questionable choices. What’s behind this tumultuous stage? Executive functioning—or sometimes, the lack thereof. These critical cognitive skills help teens plan, focus, manage time, and regulate emotions, and they’re still under construction during this developmental period.

In this deep dive, we’ll explore the latest research on executive functioning in adolescents, why these skills matter, and how to support their development at home and in schools.

What Is Executive Functioning?

Executive functioning (EF) refers to a set of mental processes that enable goal-directed behavior. These include:

1. Working Memory: Holding and manipulating information in your mind.

2. Cognitive Flexibility: Adapting to new situations and shifting perspectives.

3. Inhibitory Control: Managing impulses and staying focused.

Think of executive functioning as the brain’s management system—it keeps everything running smoothly, even during the chaos of adolescence.

Why Executive Functioning Matters in Adolescence

Adolescents rely on EF skills to navigate academic demands, social relationships, and increasing independence. Strong EF skills are linked to:

• Academic Achievement: Teens with good EF skills perform better in school due to improved time management and focus.

• Emotional Regulation: EF helps teens manage the emotional ups and downs of growing up.

• Decision-Making: Adolescents with strong EF are less likely to engage in risky behaviors.

The Science of Adolescent Brain Development

Recent research highlights adolescence as a period of significant brain growth, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, the region responsible for EF skills.

Key Findings:

1. Neuroplasticity Peaks: Adolescents’ brains are highly adaptable, making this a critical window for developing EF skills.

2. Maturation Is Gradual: The prefrontal cortex doesn’t fully mature until the mid-20s, which explains why teens often struggle with impulse control and planning.

3. Sleep Matters: Studies show that insufficient sleep impairs EF, highlighting the importance of healthy sleep habits.

Source: Blakemore, S. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2012). Decision-making in the adolescent brain. Nature Neuroscience, 15(9), 1184-1191. DOI: 10.1038/nn.3177

Latest Research Insights

1. Impact of Technology on EF Skills

Smartphones and social media are often blamed for teen distractions, but recent studies offer a more nuanced view.

• Positive Effects: Educational apps and tools can support EF by teaching time management and organization.

• Negative Effects: Excessive screen time may impair sleep and focus, both critical for EF.

Source: Wilmer, H. H., Sherman, L. E., & Chein, J. M. (2017). Smartphones and cognition: A review of research exploring the links between mobile technology habits and cognitive functioning. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 605. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00605

2. EF and Mental Health

Teens with poor EF skills are at higher risk for anxiety and depression. Researchers suggest a bidirectional relationship—poor EF exacerbates mental health challenges, and vice versa.

Source: Snyder, H. R., Miyake, A., & Hankin, B. L. (2015). Advancing understanding of executive function impairments and psychopathology: Bridging the gap between clinical and cognitive approaches. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(1), 1-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.002

3. EF Training Interventions

Recent trials show that targeted EF training programs can significantly improve teens’ skills.

• Example: Gamified apps like Lumosity improve working memory and inhibitory control.

• In Schools: Programs incorporating mindfulness, such as the "MindUP" curriculum, enhance EF and emotional regulation.

Source: Diamond, A., & Ling, D. S. (2016). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science, 333(6045), 959-964. DOI: 10.1126/science.aab1223

Supporting Executive Functioning at Home

Parents play a crucial role in fostering EF development. Here are some research-backed strategies:

1. Encourage Routines: Structure helps teens develop time management and planning skills.

2. Teach Problem-Solving: Help teens break down tasks into smaller, manageable steps.

3. Promote Mindfulness: Mindfulness exercises improve focus and emotional regulation.

Supporting Executive Functioning in Schools

Schools can implement strategies to support EF, including:

• Visual Schedules: Help teens stay on track with assignments and deadlines.

• Flexible Seating: Supports teens with ADHD or sensory sensitivities.

• EF Skill-Building Programs: Incorporating targeted curricula like "The Zones of Regulation" helps teens learn self-regulation.

Why This Research Matters

The latest research on executive functioning in adolescents reinforces one clear takeaway: teens aren’t just being lazy or unmotivated. Their brains are developing critical skills that require guidance and support. By understanding the science, we can help them navigate this developmental period with greater success.

Want to learn more about supporting your teen’s executive functioning? Call or text 614-470-4466, email admin@achievepsychology.org, or visit www.achievepsychology.org to connect with experts in adolescent development.